Yep, your privacy settings are screwed up. There's no way any of them should work with this off (Edit: I wonder if they've changed this so that the setting only effects the default communication device and no others? Might be an attempt to distinguish your "microphone" from all the other types of inputs... anyway it's not worth testing because this setting should be enabled anyway), but you said all the other devices work except this one, or I would have suggested it myself.
Enable the microphone access (make sure you scroll down and enable the desktop apps too) and that might sort it out.... Your windows installation is definitely not behaving normally though (edit: yeh so maybe this is the new normal?), so no promises.